Monday, December 30, 2019
Cross Cultural Integration International Students and...
This article brings to light need for guidance that international students must obtain in order to conform to the mission statements of higher educational institutions cross-cultural Integration through suitable learning environments and aiding student to succeed in obtaining a higher education is a fundamental requirement of every educational institution,(Delbanco, 2012) but the quality of American higher education since the growth of student campuses is questionable. Using academic journal articles from the Journal of College Student Development, The Journal of Higher Education, and texts from Andrew Delbanco’s College: What it was, and what is should be, I will determine why there needs to be more meaningful guidance for students†¦show more content†¦If institutions do not provide significant surroundings where international students can adapt and conform quickly, the academic community will be responsible for losing an important amount of students that could have helped to enrich the institution as a whole. There are three possible stances when it comes to student engagement. Some evidence indicates that educational institutions require better systems to assist with international student integration and promoting diversity. Other evidence indicates that individual differences contribute to different levels of student engagement. However, it is not possible to identify either side as mainly responsible for the lack of student integration and engagement. It is considered that collaboration between higher education institutions and students can create the best educational system with most supportive and engaging environment (Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education, n.d.) On the other hand, some researchers have conducted studies that have aimed to explore the roles of ethnicity and race in student engagement to investigate if those variables play a role in successful student integration and engagement (Johnson, Crosnoe, Elder Jr., 2001). Although research based on ethnic and racialShow MoreRelatedInternationalization : Motivations And Sources Essay705 Words  | 3 PagesINTERNATIONALIZATION: MOTIVATIONS AND SOURCES Internationalization has become a broad umbrella term that covers many dimensions, components, approaches and activities. It includes credit and degree mobility for students, academic exchange and the search for global talent, curriculum development and learning outcomes, franchise operations and branch campuses, for both cooperation and competition. According to Altbach Knight, (2007), earning money is a powerful stimulus for all internationalizationRead More‘Effects of Globalization and Cross-Cultural Experiences in Education Sector’4106 Words  | 17 Pages‘Effects of Globalization and Cross-Cultural Experiences in Education Sector’ Introduction I wonder if we can assume that the growing trend of people choosing to study abroad is a consequence of globalization. Furthermore I am interested in understanding the globalized educational culture and its’ associated issues on a local and international basis. The main objective of my research is to acquire as much information as possible and develop extensive knowledge of the research subject. ThereforeRead MoreGlobalisation of Higher Education4579 Words  | 19 PagesGLOBALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION- CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES. Name of Author  :  Himani Gupta             Designation     : Lecturer                             Organization   : Jagannath International Management School                    Address      : K-13 A Khirki Extention, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017                                   E-mail ID      : tinugupta76@yahoo.co.in                         GLOBALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION- CHALLENGESRead MoreForeign Students And Other Socio Cultural Contexts Essay1363 Words  | 6 PagesAt present there is a growing volume of students who migrate from one Culture to another, which represents a phenomenon that requires understanding the process Of adaptation or acculturation to the different socio-cultural contexts. I will begin by defining the term foreign students, it refers to Individuals who reside voluntarily and temporarily in a country that is not their own in order to participate in the international educational exchange, intending to Return to their country of originRead MoreIntercultural Competence Of International Recruiters37.9088 Words  | 37 PagesINTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE OF INTERNATIONAL RECRUITERS 37 Literature Review Studies of intercultural competence over the past thirty years attempt to measure the success or growth of an individual’s knowledge, skills and attitudes in relation to other cultures (Sinicrope, Norris Watanabe, 2007). Global learning outcomes such as intercultural communication skills, intercultural adaptability, intercultural sensitivity, intercultural maturity, and intercultural competence are skills that universitiesRead MoreIntercultural Leadership6009 Words  | 25 PagesJournal of International Business and Cultural Studies Educating global leaders: Exploring intercultural competence in leadership education Irving, Justin A. Bethel University Abstract The globalization of the world has brought about massive shifts over the past two decades. With the increase of international travel, the quantum leaps in global communication brought about by the World Wide Web and the increasingly interdependent global economy, the way leaders and organizations approachRead MoreThe University Of Mississippi State University Essay1000 Words  | 4 Pagesnursing, business, counseling and psychology. Over 70 percent of students are Mississippi residents. Every year, over 20,000 students attend the university. The six-year graduation rate is around 60 percent and the annual retention rate is around 80 percent. The Shackouls Honors College helps over 1,300 academically impressive students take small, exclusive classes. There are around 1,200 faculty members and a total of 4,300 staff. The student to faculty ratio is 20 to one. The main campus has over 730Read MoreInternational Enrollment At A Small Liberal Arts College2542 Words  | 11 Pageslocated in Ashland, WI, has made the decision to increase international enrollment at both the undergraduate and graduate level. The decision was created to increase financial stability and international enrollment. The increase in enrollment is meant to increase diversit y and to improve global awareness on campus for all students. The VP for Student Affairs is concerned about creating a campus environment that will enable international students to be academically and socially successful and she wantsRead MoreDefinition Of A World Class University Essay2114 Words  | 9 Pages1.1 General Definition of a World-Class University Identifying the definition of â€Å"a world-class university†is still an ongoing process. Meanwhile, it has become a â€Å"catch phrase†that encourages the purpose of promoting higher educational quality and global competition in the marketplace of tertiary education (Salmi, 2009, p. 3). Altbach (2004) mentions that although a concise definition of a world-class university has not yet been accomplished, there has been much attention to it globally. FurthermoreRead MoreAndrew Carnegie vs. Sam Walton904 Words  | 4 PagesNancy Lee Walton near Kingfisher, Oklahoma. They lived on a small farm but when that was proven non-profitable they moved out of Oklahoma to many towns across Missouri. Sam Walton was the starting quarterback for his football team and was an honors student. He attended the University of Missouri, where he majored in Economics. After a few setbacks Sam decided he wanted to own his own department store. His dream came a reality in the fall of 194 5 when he purchased a store in Newport, Missouri with
Sunday, December 22, 2019
Oral Cancer Essay example - 1251 Words
Oral cancer is a devastating disease. Over eight thousand American lives are taken by oral cancer and only a fourth of these patients do not excessively drink alcohol or smoke tobacco, which are the two main causes of oral cancer (The Oral Cancer Foundation). Survival rates for oral cancer could be much higher if the population would take precautionary measures to reduce their chances of being diagnosed with oral cancer. When the use of alcohol and tobacco are decreased, the chances of acquiring oral cancer are also decreased. By visiting the dentist at least once every year, new lesions could be found. Unfortunately, only seven percent of the population, who visits the dentist regularly, receives a thorough oral cancer exam(The Oral†¦show more content†¦Therefore people who drink are at greater risk than those who do not drink. There also appears to be a correlation between both drinking and smoking tobacco and being at a higher risk for oral cancer(Silverman13). Those who abstain from alcohol or drink and smoke separately do not seem to have the same risk as those who together drink and smoke. Besides staying clear of unhealthy consumption of tobacco and alcohol, it is very important to have an oral examination at least once a year, to catch any newly developed lesions that may have gone unnoticed. The dentist will look for any abnormal lumps and sores and red or white patches. Survival rates are higher when cancerous cells are found at early stages (Cutter). Unfortunately, most oral cancers are not discovered early enough. Once the dentist examines the mouth, the dental hygienist, who cleans the teeth, has the opportunity to re-examine the mouth. It is the hygienists duty to notice any peculiar areas in the mouth and bring them to the attention of the dentist. Having both the dentist and hygienist examine the mouth adds a cautionary step in the process of oral examination. If any suspicious lesions are found by the dentist or hygienist, he or she will refer the patient to an oral surgeon. The oral surgeon is a dentist and medical doctor who reviews the case of his referred patients andShow MoreRelatedOral Cancer and its Evolution689 Words  | 3 Pages Cancer that appears in tissues of the mouth or the region of the throat located at the back of the mouth (the oropharynx), is considered to be oral cancer. Oral cancer can affect a majority of regions on your body, including your lips, tongue, the inside of your mouth, your jaws, throat, ears, face, and neck. Cancer starts in cells. Cells make up tissues and tissues make up the bodys organs. As the body needs new cells, normal cells grow and divide to create them. Cells eventually age or getRead MoreInformative Essay On Oral Cancer794 Words  | 4 PagesKyli Shaull Dental Assisting Mrs. Strauss 3 October, 2017 Oral Cancer Essay Musician Terri Clark once said, ‘When someone has cancer, the whole family and everyone who loves them does, too.’ The family and loved ones of someone who is battling cancer feel their grief and pain so deeply that it is as if they too are battling cancer. I know this because I lost my dad to esophageal cancer. I chose oral cancer for the topic of my senior project (a book) because I wanted to create something that couldRead MoreCaring For The Oral Cancer Patient1481 Words  | 6 Pages Caring for the Oral Cancer Patient Sonja Black Brown Mackie College Greenville â€Æ' Oral cancer is considered to be any cancer that affects the head or neck with the exclusion of the brain. According to The Oral Cancer Foundation, over 43 thousand people will be diagnosed with oral cancer yearly and of that number over 8 thousand of these cases will result in death (Hill, Deitz, Sax, 2014, p. para 1). Oral cancer consists of squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Kaposi’s sarcomaRead MoreOral Cancer : A General Term For Oral Malignant Tumor1384 Words  | 6 PagesProject Oral Cancer Name of the disease: Oral cancer Name: Siqian Wu Instructor: Tania Afroz, MD Class code: Med-200 Section: MO1 Semester: (Spring, 2016) Name of institution: ASA College Date of submission: 04.12.2016â€Æ' INTRODUCTION Oral cancer is a general term for oral malignant tumor which mostly occurs in the squamous cell, as known as mucosal mutate. In clinical practice, oral cancer include the gums, tongue, soft palate cancer, carcinoma of the mandible, floor of the mouth cancer, oropharyngealRead MoreOral Cancer and Hpv Speech Outline1288 Words  | 6 Pagesclass today, 6 people will die from oral cancer. Three out of the four are men between the ages of 25 and 55. Before being diagnosed, these individuals probable ate a good diet and exercised regularly. Most did not use tobacco products and seldom drank alcohol. II. Oral cancers have been on the rise over the last decade with the amount of cases doubling in the United States alone. It has catapulted oral cancer from 11th on the overall number of cancer cases to number 5. Smoking and drinkingRead MoreThe Influence Of Social Support On Oral Cancer2000 Words  | 8 PagesInfluence of Social Support on Oral Cancer Survivorship Introduction Cancer has been a trending topic for many years. About 14.5 million Americans have been diagnosed with cancer (American Cancer Society, 2014). Women make up more than half of that number, with the most common type being breast cancer. The percentage of people who have been living with cancer for more than five years is 64%, with 15% of those survivors having been diagnosed over 20 years ago (American Cancer Society, 2014). With regardsRead MoreHpv Associated Anal And Oral Cancers1465 Words  | 6 PagesHPV-associated anal and oral cancers are increasing. The reason is still unclear although sexual behavior changes in the general population are postulated as one of the factors. The incidence is drastically higher in specific risk groups, such as men who have sex with men, and HIV-1 infected individuals. Interestingly, anal cancer is predominant in women while a higher incidence of oral cancer is found in men. This review gives a brief summary of epidemic, risk factors, mechanisms , diagnosis, andRead MoreEssay On Oral Cancer1494 Words  | 6 PagesOSCC, the anatomic extent described by size of the primary tumor (T-classification), the lymphatic spread (N-classification) and distant metastases (M-classification) is still considered as the most important prognostic factor. Accurate staging of oral cancer is challenging. The pre-therapeutic anatomic extent (TNM) of the tumor is derived from clinical and radiologic examinations and determines the choice of primary treatment. Tumors must be classified before treatment. On TNM staging, the individualRead MoreOral Cancer Essay6483 Words  | 26 Pagesweakened, the TB can become active (reactivate) and cause infection in the lungs or other parts of the body. * The risk factors for acquiring TB include close-contact situations, alcohol and IV drug abuse, and certain diseases (for example, diabetes, cancer, and HIV) and occupations (for example, health-care workers). * The most common symptoms and signs of TB are fatigue, fever, weight loss, coughing, and night sweats. * The diagnosis of TB involves skin tests, chest X-rays, sputum analysisRead MoreOral Cancer Case Study1396 Words  | 6 Pagescanonical Wnt signaling antagonists in various human cancers, suggests they may function as tumor suppressors (Shi et al, 2007). An interesting finding was that samples that showed increased expression of Wnt pathway antagonists like the sFRP4, sFRP1, DKK1, WIF1 showed downregulated or normal base values of Wnt3A. Moreover, in only 3 patient samples Wnt3A was actually expressed prominently. This can imply that tumour progression in oral cancer among the South Indian population is probably predominated
Friday, December 13, 2019
A Movie Review Free Essays
This film has a compelling story that has various characters that come from different races and background whose lives are intertwined with each other and set in the city of Los Angeles. It shows the racial disrespect and contempt in the city as well as the drug culture. It is a contemporary film that characterizes a group of racially diverse individuals where one will see whites, blacks, Asians and Hispanics. We will write a custom essay sample on A Movie Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each character is portrayed in different racial discrimination situations as an offender at one point in the story and a victim in another. A movie so full of strong racist language and intense confrontations where everyone seems angry and scared of being blatantly discriminated because of their color, yet at the same time each has their own narrow-mindedness that moves them to do the same. The utterances of uncouth words were seemingly done recklessly, inconsiderately or deliberately which somehow leads to violence and crimes. Anyone, in whichever part of the world, who will watch this movie, can somehow relate to at least one character wherein one shares the same fears, hopes and at times feels impelled to retaliate when pushed to a corner. In one scene, the character named Ria, the Latina detective, had a vehicular mishap with an Asian woman (who mispronounced the word brake as blake) whom she told sarcastically, â€Å"†¦you don’t see my blake lights. See, I stop when I see a long line of cars stopped in front of me. Maybe you see over the steering wheel, you’ll blake too†. That coming from Ria’s mouth who was also racially discriminated by his own black boyfriend. Several movie reviews has rated this movie with four stars or more. These movie reviews influence the in some ways help in the success or the failure of a particular movie. It aids the moviegoers decide whether it is worthy of our time and money to watch or not. There are reviews that are either made objectively and subjectively. According to Amber Deggans, who writes for the reel reviews, watching the film is like watching a documentary. The rawness of the emotions of the characters touches us deeply. The portrayal of the abusive and racist cop named Officer John Ryan impels us to hate him for his attitude towards the black community yet seeing him comforting his sick father is so contradictory which just shows us that there is always a good side to people. Film makers usually do their utmost to reach the audience and impart to them that there is a need to stop the anger among us but not many were successful in doing this except for this movie. The characterization of each role was ultimately conveyed to the audience. The performance of the actors was exceptionally done resulting for the film’s message to be thoroughly communicated. Scenes were sometimes so poignant that it becomes hard for the viewer not to be moved especially if at some point in our lives, we may have encountered a relatively similar if not the exact situation as shown in the movie.  Roger Ebert, who is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American film critic and screen writer rated this movie with four stars. As conclusion to his review, Ebert mentioned, â€Å"I don’t expect â€Å"Crash†to work any miracles, but I believe anyone seeing it is likely to be moved to have a little more sympathy for people not like themselves. The movie contains hurt, coldness and cruelty, but is it without hope? Not at all.†Some scenes from this movie give us surprisingly unexpected but realistic glimpses of certain inequities that real people also come across. For a movie that didn’t have ample budget for its production, parts of the movie were quite represented realistically and naturally. Crash strongly depicts a reality that none of us can refute and forces us to face the truth, that each of us carry our own prejudice regardless of which race we belong to. The social impact of this movie would hopefully lead to a realization of a racist-free community. WORKS CITED Crash. Dir. Paul Haggis. Perfs. Sandra Bullock, Don Cheadle, Matt Dillon, Jennifer Esposito, Brendan Fraser, Thandie Newton, Terence Howard, Ryan Philippe. DVD. Lions Gate Production. 2005. Deggans, Amber. â€Å"MovieReview†. Frank’s Reel Reviews. 2005.4 December 2007. http://www.franksreelreviews.com/reviews/2005/crash2.htm#review Ebert, Roger. â€Å"Crash: When Racial Worlds Collide†. Chicago Sun Times. 5 May 2005. 4 December 2007. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID= /20050505/REVIEWS/50502001/1023 How to cite A Movie Review, Papers
Thursday, December 5, 2019
Policy Assignment Proprietary Rights
Question: Discuss about thePolicy Assignmentfor Proprietary Rights. Answer: In Australia, the doctrine of Aboriginal title based on the Common law is known as the native title, which states that the Australian law has recognised the fact that the indigenous or the aboriginal people have interests and rights to their land that they inherited from their traditional customs and laws (Short 2016). The concept identifies the fact the in certain cases a persisting beneficial statutory interest in respect of the land is held by the local indigenous Australians. The native title can exist at the same time with non-aboriginal proprietary rights and sometimes various indigenous groups are entitled to exercise their native title over the same land. The landmark case for the native title in Australia was Mabo v Queensland [1992]. A year following the recognition of the native title in Mabos case, the recognition of the legislation was formalised with the enforcement of the Native Title Act 1993 by the Australian government. The Act attempted to simplify the legal status of the landholders and the procedures that should be followed in order to claim, recognise and protect the title through the courts. The regulating rule of native title might be regarded as a partial attempt to take the responsibility for the repossession and settlement of Australia. The settlement of Australia has been regarded as a primary concern of the sovereign government and as the transmission of an inheritance an attachment to the order of people, places and of law. On the arrival of the British in Australia from the year 1788, the aboriginals or the indigenous group of people and the British people frequently engaged themselves in conflicts (Gilbert 2016). One of the major sources of such conflicts was the differences between the British Law and the indigenous law. One of the significant conflicts between the Colonial and the Aboriginal groups of Australia may be the criminalisation of the indigenous or the aboriginal group of people in the Northern Territory following the introduction of new statutory regime. From the point of the British, the Aboriginal or the indigenous group of people and the Torres Strait Islander people had no special and binding social organization, no legislations, no government and no rights or interests over the land (Lewis 2014). This caused the British to believe that the since people did not possess the land, the land is considered as terra nullius which implied that the land did not belong to anyone. According to the British, if the land was not in possession of any one, then whoever found it first had the right to exert claim over the land (Laidlaw and Lester 2015). The aboriginals or the indigenous people residing in Australia before the white settlement did not have any law, governments, or courts that would address their disputes and decide punishments (Watson 2014). In fact, the only legal procedure to resolve the disputes was negotiation, which involved majority of the members of the community. In case, certain arguments or disputes are not resolved through negotiation, and then a group of persons settles the same, usually, known as elders. Since the elders were believed to be experienced and possess knowledge of consecrated matters, they were regarded as teachers instead of judges. Some of their offenses include adultery, theft, insult, unauthorised physical assault, non-compliance of the community obligations and negligence towards family etc. The offenders were subject to punishments such as facing the spearmen with only a shield as protection or they were entitled to compensate for their offences. There was not anything as imprisonment or rigorous punishment. After the offender was awarded with the punishments, they resumed their normal life. The issue in question was whether the indigenous group of people were subject to the British laws in the event any dispute arises between themselves. The colonial government and the Western Australian courts were of the opinion that any offenses committed by the aborigines against the Europeans shall be subject to the English law. The issue related to inter se offenses extended to the need to deal with offenses committed by the Aborigines on other aborigines who were dwelling with or employed by settlers of the colony. Initially, the colonial government adopted policies of not interfering or dealing with personal fall outs of the aboriginal group of people simply because it did not involve any Europeans therefore, they were not much concerned about it (Cunneen 2014). There was a growing realisation among both the colonial governments and the courts that the aborigines group of people cannot be treated as British subjects and neither British law can be applied regarding their inter se matters. In R v Ballard in New South Wales (NSW), Ballard murdered another aborigine in central Sydney that was governed by the British law. The question that arose was whether he was amenable to the English law to which the Supreme Court held that it does not have the jurisdiction to deal with the case if the commission of offenses was the direct consequence of any dispute within the tribe that follows the Aboriginal customs. However, if an aborigine has placed himself under the protection of the English law then it would have jurisdiction to adjudicate cases involving the Aboriginals or the indigenous group of people. The other court judges, regarding the applicability of the British laws to inter se offenses committed by the Aborigines, were of opinion that the aboriginal group of natives must give consent, either expressly or impliedly, to the amenability of the English laws to deal with their cases (Lydon and Rizvi 2016). Unless and until, the aborigines give consent to the application of the British laws to acts or offenses committed by the aborigines upon another aborigine, for the purpose of administering justice, under no circumstances the British laws shall interfere with their personal issues irrespective of the fact that such interference is imperative. In the case of R v Murrell [1836], Murrell was charged for murder and his lawyer argued that NSW was neither conquered nor settled or ceded and the aborigines continued to be governed by their own laws from ages. Since the British have come to reside amongst the aboriginals and therefore, it is they who must obey the aboriginals law. Murrell belonged to a tribe that was not subject to the British laws neither he was entitled to receive protection from the British, hence, he was not bound by the British laws. However, the Supreme Court of Australia overruled the decision and held that the Aboriginal group of people were subject to the British laws with respect to inter se offenses. Since the offense had been committed in NSW, which is in possession of England, therefore it shall be dealt with under the British Laws (Russell 2015). The Supreme Court did not make any difference in law between the English people and the aliens as they were entitled to the protection of the British law. Several other judges pointed out the theory of terra nullius and asserted if the Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction then there would be an increase in the crime rate among the aborigines who would persist to commit murders or violence on the streets. The aggrieved persons shall not be entitled to protection under the British laws. The British were of the opinion that the Aborigines were adopted as the subjects of the British people and were entitled to the protection under the British law like any other British subjects. However, at the same time, the aborigines were also subject to the punishments in the event of any infringement of any of the British laws. However, the indigenous group of people must bear in their minds that the British jury or judges were not framing any new legislation but are empowered to administer the legislations that are already existing during that period. While majority of the aboriginal groups attempted to include the newcomers (British people and British laws) into their legal system by extending association, sharing resources, etc. however, the British people failed to accept and act in conformity with the cultural laws of the indigenous group of people. They were not aware of the principle of reciprocity that is, sharing. According to the indigenous people, the English people were greedy and self-centred. They hardly share their resources even after receiving favours from the aborigines (Young, Nielsen and Patrick 2016). Although the Europeans recognised the existence of several aboriginal group, their laws, traditions and customs were not acknowledged by the Europeans. They avoided resistance, genocide and massacres with respect to the application of the terra nullius in order to justify the acquisition of the lands in Australia. The aboriginals failed to make significant resistance against the Europeans (Holland 2017). When the British declared the natives to be subjects of the British law, they were placed in a position where they aware made to be amenable to the British laws of which they were quite ignorant. Moreover, it did not provided the aboriginals with a slightest relief from the injuries they sustained as a result of the Europeans (Medien 2017). They were unable to present any evidence against the atrocities they were subject to, firstly, because they were not acquainted with the legal procedure followed by the British courts and, secondly, the witnesses of such atrocities were the European themselves who would not testify on behalf of the indigenous group. The Europeans denied the alleged complaints made by the indigenous group on the ground that they have conferred upon the aborigines the right to protection under the British laws just like the European people. They denied the fact that the indigenous group was denied fundamental rights and the human rights. Although the aboriginal people were subject to the British laws but they were never allowed to actively participate while framing the laws. The Europeans restricted them to such an extent that they were prevented from exercising their right to vote. The fact that the Aboriginal people were denied justice led to the establishment of Aboriginal Legal Services all over Australia. As the Australian governments follow the English cases as precedents, it is obvious that the aboriginal group of people would not receive adequate recognition. The European settlement has raised a conflict between the two legal systems and two cultures within the same country and they exist even today in certain parts of the country. In order to retain peaceful settlement, it is highly imperative that the legal system of Australia provide adequate recognition to the indigenous group and make necessary attempts to resolve the conflict through the process of reconciliation. Reference List Cunneen, C., 2014. Colonial processes, indigenous peoples, and criminal justice systems. Gilbert, J., 2016.Indigenous Peoples' Land Rights under International Law. Brill. Holland, A., 2017. Paved with good intentions. Terra Nullius, aboriginal land rights and settler-colonial law [Book Review].Law History,4(1), p.172. Laidlaw, Z. and Lester, A. eds., 2015.Indigenous communities and settler colonialism: land holding, loss and survival in an interconnected world. Springer. Lewis, P., 2014. Terra Nullius Amnesiacs: A Theological Analysis of the Persistence of Colonization in the Australian Context and the Blocks to Real Reconciliation. InColonial Contexts and Postcolonial Theologies(pp. 181-199). Palgrave Macmillan US. Lydon, J. and Rizvi, U.Z. eds., 2016.Handbook of postcolonial archaeology. Routledge. Mabo v Queensland [1992] HCA 23 175 CLR 1. F.C Medien, K., 2017. Book Review: Aileen Moreton-Robinson, The White Possessive: Property, Power, and Indigenous Sovereignty. R v Ballard [2004] ALL ER (D) 48 (Dec) R v Murrell [1836] 1 Legge 72 Russell, P.H., 2015.Recognizing Aboriginal title: The Mabo case and Indigenous resistance to English-settler colonialism. University of Toronto Press. Short, D., 2016.Reconciliation and colonial power: Indigenous rights in Australia. Routledge. Watson, I., 2014.Aboriginal peoples, colonialism and international law: Raw law. Routledge. Young, S., Nielsen, J. and Patrick, J., 2016. Constitutional recognition of first peoples in Australia-theories and comparative perspectives.
Thursday, November 28, 2019
Jewish Identity in America
In his article â€Å"Identity and Jewish Education†, Cohen (2008) postulates that sociologists determine Jewish identity according to the three B’s components: â€Å"Belief, Behavior, and Belonging†(p.75). I was born in a secular family of four children. However, my father used to attend synagogue only on major holidays, to be part of our Jewish community or so I think; or as Cohen describes it, to feel a sense of belonging.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jewish Identity in America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In regard to Jewish behavior, I strongly remember a powerful memory of a Jewish ritual that happened twenty nine years ago. I was just ten years old when my dad’s mother died. The picture I had in my sad sobbing eyes will stay with me forever. I remembered my father sitting on the floor and crying; the top part of his shirt was torn in the middle. Both my mother and my sist er were sitting on the bed with red puffy eyes. As soon as my mom noticed my presence, she got closer to me and hugged me. She told me that my dad’s mother â€Å"turned to be a butterfly and that she is flying towards her freedom now.†Only later I knew that my dad’s torn shirt was a symbol of a Jewish tradition ‘mourner custom’ for the death of a first close relation. Nevertheless, my beliefs, in regard to Judaism, have changed dramatically throughout my life span. When I was fifteen years old, my parents made a decision, which set me into deep thinking for the next few years. They embraced the Jewish culture with such devotion that I could clearly tell they had strongly decided to keep a distinct boundary between the Jewish laws and the outside world. The death of my brother’s father in-law prompted my older brother as well as my parents to make the decision. The rabbi, who presided over the mourning period, argued them to become staunch Je ws in a bid to make my brother’s father in-law enter heaven. As a teenager, I was furious and mostly afraid to change my lifestyle. I thought that the rabbi was taking advantage of my parents at such a moment to pull them out of their secular way of life. Consequently, due to the rabbi’s advice coupled with a seven days seminar called ‘Arachim’, my parents turned to be very sacred. The rest of us did not want to be associated with the idea. Nevertheless, despite my parents’ acceptance of the change, they did not drag us into it probably because they thought they would force us to hate and shun our Jewish identity altogether. In his article â€Å"The Jews Within,†Cohen’s suggests that â€Å"the death, or divorce, of a spouse seems linked with further declines in Jewish activity in the home or community,†however, my personal experience, as I described above, thought me differently.Advertising Looking for essay on history? L et's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Following my parents change of faith, I strongly resented any activity concerning the Jewish rituals. Even though my parents tried to convince me to participate in some activities, I still could not change my opinion. I felt that the ‘Halacha’ took my parents away from me, because it demands a strict behavior. Cohen (2000) postulates that â€Å"Sabbath is another area of practice that requires attention and resolution†(p. 61). I, definitely, can identify with this statement. For one thing, my parents were no longer able to drive on Sabbath. In addition, my brothers and I were forced to participate in the ‘Kidush’ on Friday evenings; for a teenager, it was quite a problematic situation since I was supposed to have joined my friends, but instead I had to stay at home. Lastly, since my mother would not allow cooking or making a fire during the Sabbath, we were always und er pressure and stress to prepare dinner right in time. I can also remember a specific event that caused a huge argument between my parents and me. It was during the Sabbath following the birth of my eldest son. My father, among other parents, asked God to bless my newly born child. Before the event, I was told by my parents to not give a name before my baby’s circumcision. I remember asking my father the reason behind this request, however, he was reluctant to answer me. I was so upset with this requirement since I did not understand the logic behind it. It was only after the rabbi’s teaching that day, that I learnt a lot about the naming of children according to the Jewish law. According to the ‘Halacha’, the naming of boys occurs eight days after they are born; that is, during their circumcision. On the other hand, naming of girls occurs on the Sabbath following their birth. I have also observed this in the naming of my youngest twins. In addition, i n providing chairs to the participants of the circumcision of my son, I realized that my mother had provided an extra seat. As if this was not enough, she also provided some wine, which she said was for the little baby. I wondered how my mother could give wine to such an innocent infant though I did not give it much thought. Once the ceremony was over, I did not hesitate to ask my mother about the significance of the extra seat and the wine. She told me that the extra seat signified the presence of Elijah. It is meant for the continuation, or rather for the propagation, of the Jewish faith in all generations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jewish Identity in America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Concerning the wine, she explained that she gave a few drops to the baby to relief his pain. I also learnt about the role of the ‘minyan’, ‘sandek’, in the early life of my baby boy. I was s urprised to find out, at the age of twenty seven, not only about naming of Jewish children, but also the practice of circumcision. As cited in Cohen’s article (2000), †¦women have been more involved in the intimate aspects of their families than men †¦Jewishly committed fathers, in contrast with jewishly committed mothers, emerge as principled, learned, educationally oriented, and involved in synagogue life. Mothers are remembered for their immediate relationship with the children and other family members, for their greater responsibility for the home, holidays, and kashrut (pp.55-56). My mother played her role as a Jewish parent to educate me on the significance of our traditions in the Jewish society. I made sure that I followed every bit of it during my adulthood. My paternal grandmother has also played a pivotal role in shaping my Jewish identity. Whenever I visited her, she could shower me with advice on how to maintain the integrity of the Jewis h culture. I remember her comforting nature during my youth stage; she once told me that it is normal for young people to neglect the Jewish laws in their attempt to appear sophisticated or ‘civilized’ especially in the eyes of their friends who do not follow the religion. Similarly, Cohen (2000) postulates that: †¦Jewish religious activities decline in the late teen years, (as does religious activity among other groups). It begins to climb again with marriage and jumps upward even more sharply with the arrival of children and, in particular, when the first child reaches elementary-school age (p. 45). Clearly, my grandmother was right because, as I mentioned before, I was struggling to maintain my identity especially during my high school education I began participating in much Jewish’s activities, literally, a few years after my marriage, in particular after my arrival to the U.S. My husband and I came to New York 9 years ago. Similarly, to the Jewish immigrants that are presented in the movie â€Å"Hester Street†directed by Silver in 1975, we also decided to come in order to look for opportunities to fulfill ourselves. However, it was not until the birth of our twins that we decided to embrace the Jewish culture; it was our choice. Moreover, in order to serve as good role models for our children, my husband and I started going to the synagogue in our Jewish holidays, which we did not attend before as an adult.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Though there are moments that I feel so inadequate compared to my community, I know that I have done my best to maintain the Jewish culture for the sake of my children. In referring to first theme in ‘The Rise of the Sovereign Self, inalienability of being Jewish’: Cohen posits, â€Å"No matter what I do or don’t do, no matter what I believe or don’t believe, I’m still a Jew, and a good Jew – and no one can alienate me from my valid claims to identify as a Jew†(2008, p. 78). Last but not least, my military service has also been instrumental in shaping my Jewish identity. It has been a privilege to serve as a secretary of the Psychologist of the Grand Commander in the Israeli military. Saluting my country’s flag, as a Jew, has made me self-righteous of my identity. But before I close, it is important to note that, while visiting the National Museum of American Jewish History, I was stunned and excited to read these lines:  "For more than 350 years, Jews have benefited from the freedoms and opportunities of America, and America has benefited from the work, creativity, and talents of Jews†(‘National Museum of American Jewish History’). It is needless to tell what I felt in that moment. Not only do I feel proud of being Jewish, but I also strongly believe that with the help of all other Jews, we shall be able to uphold the Jewish culture in many ways in the future of the United States, as well as of Israel. Unfortunately, as Cohen laments, â€Å"Jewish social ties (Marriage, friendship, neighbors, institutional belonging, attachment to Israel and the Jewish people) are in decline, as is, more generally, Jewish ethnicity and collective identity†(2000, p.82). This sad but true and sincere observation threatens our very resolve to uphold the Jewish culture especially in the US. However, as for now, we shall do our best to maintain our roots that run deep into the Jewish culture. References Cohen, S. (2000). The Jew Within: Self, Family, and Community in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Cohen, S. (2008). Identity and Jewish education. In R. Goodman, A. P. Flexner, L. D. Bloomberg, L. D. (Eds.), What we know about Jewish Education: Prospectives on Research for Practice (pp. 75-82) Los Angeles: Torah Aura Productions. National Museum of American Jewish History. Choices and Challenges of Freedom, 1945-Today Silver, J., dir. (1975). Hester Street. USA: Midwest Films. This essay on Jewish Identity in America was written and submitted by user Alanna Ratliff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Monday, November 25, 2019
What Creates a Current Account Balance
What Creates a Current Account Balance The Economics Dictionary defines the balance of the Current Account as follows: The current account balance is the difference between a countrys savings and its investment. [If the current account balance is] positive, it measures the portion of a countrys saving invested abroad; if negative, the portion of domestic investment financed by foreigners savings. The current account balance is defined by the sum of the value of imports of goods and services plus net returns on investments abroad, minus the value of exports of goods and services, where all these elements are measured in the domestic currency. In laymans terms, when a countrys current account balance is positive (also known as running a surplus), the country is a net lender to the rest of the world. When a countrys current account balance is negative (also known as running a deficit), the country is a net borrower from the rest of the world. The U.S. current account balance has been in a deficit position since 1992 (see chart), and that deficit has been growing. Thus the United States and its citizens have been borrowing heavily from other countries such as China. This has alarmed some, though others have argued that it means eventually the Chinese government will be forced to raise the value of its currency, the yuan, which will help alleviate the deficit. For the relationship between currencies and trade, see A Beginners Guide to Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). U.S. Current Account Balance 1991-2004 (in Millions) 1991: 2,8981992: -50,0781993: -84,8061994: -121,6121995: -113,6701996: -124,8941997: -140,9061998: -214,0641999: -300,0602000: -415,9992001: -389,4562002: -475,2112003: -519,6792004: -668,074Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis Current Account References Articles on the Current AccountDefinition of the Current Account
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Global warming and biodiversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Global warming and biodiversity - Research Paper Example This primarily happens owing to the increase in the amount of Green House gases in the atmosphere. These gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc) trap the sun’s incident heat energy and do not allow them to escape, thereby increasing the Earth’s temperature. These green house gases are released into the atmosphere because of human activities like pollution, burning of fossil fuels, deforestation etc. Global warming has negative impacts on all most everything, from ecosystems to individual species. Climate-carbon cycle feedbacks are also responsible for increasing the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In fact, studies have shown that rise of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere will increase the temperature which in turn will cause change in the process of photosynthesis, leading to death of the plants. GRAPH:1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 The other challenge that forms the core of my discussion is extermination of both floral and faunal species. Species become extin ct due to a number of reasons like deforestation, invasive species, diseases, changing climate etc. . In fact in North America alone, â€Å"123 fresh water animal species have been recorded as extinct and hundreds of additional species of fishes, amphibians, mollusks and crayfishes are considered imperiled†(Riciardi & Rasmussen, 1998) and using this data in the exponential decay model, researchers Riciardi and Rasmussen have concluded that the extinction rate in North America alone is 4% per decade. ... his data in the exponential decay model, researchers Riciardi and Rasmussen have concluded that the extinction rate in North America alone is 4% per decade. Moreover, islands like the Galapagos or the Hawaiian islands are more vulnerable to species extinction because the presence of physical barriers has cut off gene flow which has in turn decreased adaptability of the species to extinction factors. Thus, endemic species are more vulnerable to extinction. There is a definitive connection between global warming and loss of biodiversity. Global warming is one of the key reasons behind species extinction.†Plants and animals, even far from human habitation, are now endangered due to global warming, resulting from increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere through different human activities†(Malcolm, 2006). A recent study showed that the increase in the temperature led to disease outbreaks caused by Batrachochytrium among the amphibian species i n tropical America leading to extinction of 67% of the 110 species of Atelopus species (Pounds et al, 2006). Over the last century the temperature of the world has increased by 0.6 degree centigrade but most species have adapted themselves to it, but the present rate of temperature increment â€Å"could easily disrupt the connectedness among species and lead to a reformulation of species communities, reflecting differential changes in species, and to numerous extirpations and possibly extinctions.†(Root et al, 2003). Root et al, meta-analyzed 143 different studies and concluded that the shift in climate was leaving a fingerprint on animal as well as plant species. It is a common notion that environmental awareness and conservation efforts are restricted to the developed countries i.e. countries
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
World Cinema Luis Bunuel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
World Cinema Luis Bunuel - Research Paper Example The influential personalities accorded outstanding stature has contributed towards the formation of ideas and development plans that have driven change and competition. In the desire to compete for the customer’s preference, organizations have employed ideologies from renowned personalities who would endorse their products. Music and movies rely on outstanding directors and a renowned production company to offer the desired quality. These features have defined greatness and fame. Personalities gain their definition form in the contributions that they have made towards the development of an attribute. Factors considered to measure their contribution have been in the placed articles and works that have been erected to honor the contribution made towards development of the attribute. Most sources have provided reference on the information needed to analyze the nature of the personalities through their biography that holds the life contribution and influences. A more distinct meas ure that has been applied to gain knowledge on the contribution of a famous individual has been in the contribution that they made towards a given discipline. In the visual arts perspective, films have advanced to include technological provisions in the creation of advanced effects to accord a superb plot t the images. However, the ideas to create the films have been developed over the decade to include outstanding works that have been liked to their creators. Luis Bunuel has contributed adversely to the improvement of the visual arts and his input has been felt in films produced over the centuries. The creations of pieces to highlight the contributions made within a film have been reflected within the creations of the directors. Luis Bunuel is no exception, and the contributions that he inputted in the cinema development have been reflected in the creation of his films. These pieces have been based on the age that he had represented (1900-1983) (Diaz). Luis chose to reflect the tim e that he had represented and the virtues that had shaped the contributions of the community. This attribute had been the leading contribution towards the completion of the film with the virtues reflected to develop the plot. The inspiration to apply the style that he had used had been witnessed in the works of Fritz Lang and Murnau. The style that he had applied in the completion of film production was reliant on the personalities that inspired Luis to be involved in filmmaking. The style that Luis Applied in the creation of his films incorporated the Surrealism style. The inspiration had been drawn through working with the artist Salvador Dali to experiment on the features available to complete the film creation process. He had made the improvement create visual illusion in the films through using forms that presented ideas unknown to the natural development. The fiction applied in the majority of the films in the modern society has reflected on the provision to create numerous de velopments in their plot development. During his time, these ideologies had not been popular among the creators of the time. Through the creation of images that presented elements that held advanced meanings, Luis was able to be outstanding among other directors. The films that initially implemented the style that he had incorporated in the creation of his pieces like ‘Un Chien Andalou’ and ‘L’Age d’Or,’ observe the surrealistic style of creating the films (Diaz). These works are mostly outstanding due to the unique feature that they applied in the completion of their plot. Luis was a director ahead of his time as his ideas proved crucial in completing famous films.Â
Monday, November 18, 2019
Biochemical identification of unknown bacteria Lab Report
Biochemical identification of unknown bacteria - Lab Report Example 1) Nutrient agar slant: Given culture was streak on the nutrient agar slant and incubated at two different temperature 25Â °C and 37Â °C respectively. After 24h of incubation, slants were taken out from incubator and growth was observed. Growth on tube incubated at 37Â °C was found to be effuse and the growth was extensive while in case of tube incubated at 25Â °C growth was found to be lesser compared to previous tube and echinulated in nature. There was no pigmentation observed and growth was found to be whitish in color and translucent in nature. Results indicated that given unknown bacteria is either Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes or Staphylococcus aureus ,being human /animal inhabitant The optimum temperature for growth of these bacteria is 37Â °C (i.e. human body temperature) while in case of Pseudomonas aerogenosa being free living as well as human inhabitant, it can grow at 25Â °C as well as 37Â °C . Similarly it also produces bluish green pigment and grows as mucoid colony. 2) Nutrient agar: Given culture was streak on to the nutrient agar plate using quadrant streak technique and incubated at 37Â °C for 24 h. After incubation colonies were found to be convex, circular and having entire margin. Optically colonies were found to be translucent and without any pigmentation. This observation again ruled out the possibility of Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Similarly colony of Staphylococcus aureus is opaque, slightly elevated, appears yellowish white.
Friday, November 15, 2019
A Major Problem In Palm Oil Mill Effluent Engineering Essay
A Major Problem In Palm Oil Mill Effluent Engineering Essay In Malaysia, for example, 9.9 million tons of solids wastes consisting of empty fruit bunch , fibre and fruit shell and approximately 20 million tons of palm oil mill effluent (POME) are generated every year. In response to this, there has been increasing efforts to manage the wastes generated from mills. A major problem in Palm Oil Mill Effluent is their Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) characteristic in final discharge (waste water). BOD is a chemical procedure for determining how fast biological organisms use up oxygen (through degradation of organic material) in a body of water. COD is to determine the amount of organic pollutants found in surface water. The purpose of this study was to minimize the BOD and COD level in waste water treatment plant using the Sequencing Batch Reactor Process (SBR) system. The capability of treatment efficiency was proven during the system is widely used in other industry. As Malaysia forges ahead with its plan to become a fully developed nation, palm oil mills will have to adapt to various new challenges, including more stringent environmental regulation, labor shortage and competition from other lower cost palm oil producing countries. Basically milling technology has not changed in terms of developing a new sustainable and economics process to extract more oil and kernel. This may sound odd with so many new mills built and best time to incorporate new technology being to start on a green field. Anyway new technology has developed with concentrated on better mechanical handing, higher throughput, and more durable and reliable equipment with longer intervals between failure and renewal. The extraction of palm oil and kernel from the palm fruit is a commonly known in palm oil process. But this extraction process also produces a brown effluent which can devastate any aquatic life if dumped directly into our river. It is estimated that for every tone of palm oil produced, 2.5 tons of wastewater is generated. Thus, with Malaysias palm oil production is standing close to 8 million tons per annum , the amount of palm oil mill effluent ( POME ) generated would be equivalent to that of sewage discharged by a population of 22 million people Palm oil mill effluents are high volume liquid wastes which are non toxic but have an unpleasant odor. They are highly polluting. The Biological and Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD COD) of this effluent is very high and goes for the Total Nitrogen, Ammonia Nitrogen and Oil Grease. The effluent also acidic. The nature of raw effluent, it is hot, has a bad aroma and brown in color. An effluent with its quality and quantity were to be discharged into river, all aquatic life will perish. At present there are many methods to treat this raw effluent. The most common method of treatment being employed is the biological treatment. This method of treatment is by using a combine effect of the aerobic, anaerobic and facultative ponds; where at the end of the treated effluent is dumped into a river. Alternatives treatment methods have propped up in the recent past. In this case, proposed a method which involved Sequencing Batch reactor ( SBR ) Technology with aerated oxygen enriched air. The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is a batch process for treating wastewater. This process is capable to minimized BOD and COD in a reactor. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Typical Flow Charts Typical Palm Oil Mill Schematic Flow Diagram As the palm oil industry grows rapidly, the number of palm oil mills also increases significantly especially in Malaysia. Therefore, one of the major problems arises from this industry is the large amount of wastes generated during the processes. Generally, operation of the palm oil mill generates many by-product and liquid waste which may pose a significant impact on the environment if they are not dealt with properly. The most common method is biological effluent treatment system (ponds). 2.2 Effluent Treatment Plant The function of the biological effluent treatment plant is to treat the mill liquid waste to levels within the prescribed limits set by the Department of Environment (D.O.E). The method of biological treatment in the mill is the anaerobic process. This process comprises three stages: The anaerobic digestion in the acidification phase The anaerobic digestion in the methanogenic phase The quiescent facultative stage of aerobic digestion. The complete anaerobic digestion or bio-degradation of the mill effluent is a complex operation as this process requires the acid forming organisms to grow in harmony with the methanogenic formers. Any imbalance of activities of these two organisms would upset the digestion process. The acid producing bacteria and their associated enzymes degrade most type of organic material into fatty acids. The methanogenic bacteria convert the soluble products of the acid produces into methane and carbon dioxide. The acidification stage is controlled to promote the growth of the acid formers. While in the second stage i.e. the methanogenic phase, the environment is optimum to form the methane formers. The biological effluent treatment plant in the mill comprises of the following: De-oiling tank 2 Acidification ponds 1 primary anaerobic pond 2 anaerobic maturation ponds 2 facultative ponds De- sludging facilities De-oiling tank/ sludge pit Sludge waste from this mill is pumped into the tank. The purpose of this tank is to trap remnants of free oil and permit solids to settle out. Solids settled here should be removed on a regular basis in order that working levels be maintained. Regular checks should be made and any trace of oil here must be removed. Acidification ponds There are 2 ponds and these are operated in parallel. The acidification stage is a very rapid process converting the organic components of the waste water into volatile fatty acids (vfa) and depresses the pH of the system. However recycling of the anaerobic liquor is done here for buffering i.e. Obtaining the desirable pH level Cooling to obtain the desired temperature Seeding i.e. introducing active organisms population The above is practiced at this stage to prepare the feed before entering into the anaerobic ponds. Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) here in each pond is 2 days Temperature: 35ËÅ ¡c 45ËÅ ¡c PH: 4.0 to 5.5 Vfa: 5000 mg/l Primary anaerobic In this stage the strictly anaerobic bacteria called methanogen converts the volatile acids to methane, CO2 and other trace gases. Destruction efficiencies are high here wherein from a high B.O.D. of 24,000mg/l B.O.D. levels of the supernatant at the pond outlet are reduced to 300mg/l. Temperature at Anaerobic 2 outlet is approx. 30-35ËÅ ¡c with a pH in the region of 5.5 to 6.5. Vfa=1000 to 2000 mg/l. Alkalinity = 1500 to 2000 mg/l. Anaerobic Maturation Pond This is a final step of the methanogenic anaerobic stage where further reduction of BOD is made possible. BOD at this stage is down to about 200mg/l . Temperature at the outlet end is 20 to 30ËÅ ¡c with a pH in the region of 7.0. Vfa is approximately 700mg/l and alkalinity above 1500mg/l. Facultative Ponds The use of anaerobic digestion alone would not be sufficient to meet the standards stipulated by DOE hence further treatment of effluent is necessary in the facultative. These facultative ponds are for quiescent aerobic respiration of the aerobically treated waste water. These 3 ponds are in series and in these ponds sufficient oxygenation to the waste water is introduced. The effluents after sedimentation in these ponds are allowed to discharge into the water course, with BOD levels below 110 ppm as required by the Dept. of Environment. Temperature at the outlet of the Facultative is 25 to 30ËÅ ¡c with a pH of 7.0 9.0. Vfa less than 100. Alkalinity in the region of 1000mg/l. De-sludging of the ponds The ponding system is operated at low rate with organic loading ranging from 0.2 to 0.35 kg BOD/cu.m/day. Because of the size and configuration of the ponds mixing is hardly adequate. Also the rising biogas will bring along with them fine suspend solids and therefore it is common to find islands of solids floating in the anaerobic pond. This often results in dead spots which will lead to short circuiting in the ponds. Undoubtedly it is very labor intensive to maintain the ponds in satisfactory condition at all times. It is also imperative to ensure that as little oil as possible be allowed into the ponds as the oil will agglomerate with the rising solids brought up by the biogas and from a scum which is difficult to remove. Due to the inadequate mixing by biogas, solids build up at the bottom of the ponds, especially the anaerobic ones. Excessive solids built up at the bottom of the ponds will reduce the effective design capacity and consequently shorten the hydraulic retention time. This will adversely affect the treatment efficiency of the system. In view of the above regular desludging of the ponds is a must. A de-sludging pond is made available for this purpose. Solids from the ponds are pumped using submersible pumps into this desludging pond and water liquid recycled while solids are left to dry out and subsequently removed. 2.3 Operation procedures Sludge pits / Fluming tank Supervisors / operators are to visually check the pit on a regular basis throughout processing and ensure that a trace of oil is recovered soonest possible. Also when excessive trace of oil is sighted, immediate measures must be taken to trace and arrest the source of this excessive oil loss. Schedule cleaning of the sludge pit and tanks must be instituted to remove solids / sands and any debris on a scheduled basis. Pumps in this area must be checked to be in good operating condition. Any faults or malfunction noticed must be reported for immediate repair. Buffering Ponds Ensure that recycling of anaerobic liquor is carried out as per instruction. Remove any solids scum / oil traces on a daily basis. Ensure free flow into and out of the ponds. Anaerobic ponds Monitor visually ponds bacteria for any signs of fouling. Solids removal should be carried on a regular basis. Ensure stirrer / mixers are operated as per instructions. Ensure that in flow and outlet discharge is proper and feed to downstream ponds is regulated as required. Facultative ponds Regulate final discharge as necessary. Ensure solids recycling where necessary. Desludging ponds Ensure that pumping of solids into the pond is monitored. Ensure that excessive liquid is recycled to the anaerobic ponds. 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.2 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) Technology Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is an activated sludge biological treatment process. The process uses natural bacteria and when the bacteria are aerated, they grow and multiply using the organics or pollution as food. This purifies the wastewater before it is discharged to the environment. The process is managed in a fill and draw, or batch fashion. This process allows for exceptional flexibility and controls which results in a highly treated effluent that will not harm the environment when it is discharged. Generally the SBR process can be conveniently described in five distinct steps: Step 1: Fill/React The treatment Reactor contains bacteria or biomass that processes the wastewater. The cycle starts with the Reactor at least half full of activated sludge. When the wastewater enters the Reactor, air is intermittently supplied by a blower, to maintain an aerobic (air enriched) environment. The pollution in the wastewater is consumed by the biomass as food. The biomass grows and multiplies during this treatment process assuring the system is sustained for further treatment. This cycle of filling and intermittent aeration continues until the Reactor has filled. Step 2: React only During this step incoming wastewater is diverted to a second Reactor or is stored. The full Reactor is aerated or mixed continuously during this step. The React only step provides time for additional treatment or polishing of the wastewater to meet required discharged consents. The duration of the react only step is easily adjusted at the computerized control panel. Step 3: Settle The biomass in the Reactor must be separated from the treated liquid or supernatant, so there will be sufficient biomass remaining for treatment of the next batch of wastewater. In the SBR system the Reactor becomes the settling device or clarifier when all the pumps and blowers are turned off. This creates quiescent settling conditions to allow the biomass and the treated liquid to separate. After settling, the treated clarified liquid is discharged or decanted from the Reactor. Step 4: Decant The treated clarified liquid is discharged or decanted using pumps which have their intake located at the midpoint of the Reactor depth. This assures that any floating debris or settled biomass is not discharged from the Reactor. A non-return valve on the pump intake prevents the entry of solids into the Decant pump and piping during the aerated treatment steps. Step 5: Idle When the Reactor has decanted, and there is no wastewater waiting to be pumped to the Reactor enters an idle or waiting phase. In idle, with no wastewater load, it is not necessary to run the blowers at the same rate as during the filling stage. The blowers automatically reduce the volume of air at idle, saving energy. When the Reactor receives more wastewater, it automatically switches back to the Fill/React step, and the entire cycle repeats. Sludge waste Since the biomass continues to grow or increase in volume during each treatment cycle it is necessary to remove excess biomass from the Reactor on a regular basis. The biomass volume is always maintained below the pump intake and at the proper level by means of automatic sludge waste pumps. The excess biomass is pumped to the Trash Tank at the end head end of the plant where it is anaerobically (without air) decomposed. Regular sludge wasting ensures that enough biomass remains in the Reactor to treat the next batch of wastewater, but does not increase to the point where it would be pumped out of the reactor during the Decant cycle. 3.3 FLOCCULATION TREATMENT Raw effluent from facultative pond (last pond) is pump into vertical steel clarifier. Flocculation agent and pH correction agent is dose into the pipe line before entering clarifier to ease coagulation process. PRE AERATION The clarified raw effluent will over flow into the 1st holding tank. Filling is estimated for 3 hours. While in the holding tank, the raw effluent is subjected to pre aeration for 2 hours before transfer to the reactor tank. Pre-aeration is done through fine air bubbles passes through an array of disc type diffuser at tank base. SBR PROCESS The pre-aeration effluent from holding tank is transferred into the reactor tank via transfer pump. The SBR process inside the reactor tank will be control through a present time for 24 hours operation based on the following activity: Filling 3 hours Slow aeration 4 hours Fast aeration 10 hours Settling 2 hours Discharge 2 hours Filling Pre-aerated anaerobic liquid is pump from holding tank. During start up, seeding of bacteria is carried out. The quantity from of seeding is depending on the MLSS concentration in the reactor. Slow aeration While filling up of the pre-aerated anaerobic liquid half of the diffuser inside the reactor tank will activate, via control valve install at the distribution header. Fast aeration Filling completed and full aeration processes activate. Settling To allow solids and liquids are separated under true quiescent conditions. Discharge The treated or clarified supernatant is pump into a final treated effluent tank for storage. The excess sludge will settle and remain in the reactor tank. Desludging will depend on the MLSS concentration, not to exceed 20-30 % by ratio of the pre-aerated anaerobic liquid. This can be done by taking sample and allow to settle naturally. Standby The reactor tank is ready for the next batch. The treated water will overflow through a constant level flexible outlet into a transfer (clarified) water tank. The clarified water enters an activated carbon filter via booster pump, which act to polish the water before discharge out to river. At this stage the BOD level should be à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 20 ppm. A reject line is installed to return treated effluent into anaerobic pond if the BOD level exceeds 20 ppm. 3.4 NOPOL- diffuser The NOPOL system has a suitable diffuser for any wastewater application. Reliable construction The main component of the system is the NOPOL dual layer polyethylene disc. This has a thin fine top for maximum oxygen transfer efficiency. All deposits are easily removed by the formic acid. The NOPOL disc aeration system is ideal for all biological processes. An aeration system covering the entire bottom of the basin gives the desired oxygen content throughout. Mixing energy is evenly distributed throughout the basin. Uniform mixing prevents any sludge sedimentation. Adjustment range-volume of air per diffuser is wide enough for any load variation. The disc aeration system does not cool down the activated sludge or produce any harmful aerosols. 3.5 SBR system tank and pipe layout 4.0 ANALYSIS 4.1 A BASIC DESIGN OF SBR SYSTEM Capacity : 1080 m ³ / day Influent BOD: 200 ppm Discharge BOD: 20 ppm Basic design data Actual waste water quantity discharged from plant : 1080 m ³ / day ( max ) Design waste water quantity : 1080 m ³ / day or 45 m ³ / hour BOD : 200 mg / l COD (assume) : 300 mg / l PH : 7.2 Temperature : 26 ËÅ ¡c Suspended solids (assume) : 300 mg / l Oil grease (assume) : 20 mg / l Sequence of operation of SBR reactor tank No.1 or 2 Filling and slow aeration time : 8 hours Fast aeration time : 12 hours Settling time : 2 hours Discharge of treated effluent : 2 hours Sizing of tanks Based on the above operation sequence and the two trains of SBR tank operating alternatively, the sizes of the holding tank and reactor tanks are as follows: Holding tank Tank required : 1 unit Waste water flow rate : 45 m ³ / hour The retention time for the holding tank : 6 hours Volume of tank required : 270 m ³ Selected holding tank size is 8700 m Ø ÃÆ'- 7.62 m height Capacity : 400 m ³ Reactor tanks Wastewater flow rate : 45 m ³ / hour No of tanks required : 2 units Retention required for reactor vessel : 12 hour Volume of waste water in each reactor tank : 540 m ³ Volume of activated sludge to be retained in reactor tank : 20 % of the waste water Therefore required volume of reactor tank : 648 m ³ Selected reactor tank size is 11650 mm Ø ÃÆ'- 7.62 m height Capacity : 800 m ³ Calculation of air required for aeration at reactor tank Process utilized : Palm Oil Mill Effluent Type of waste : Industrial Design flow : 1080 m ³ / day BOD5 : design 200 mg / l = 216 kg / day Temperature of waste : 26 ËÅ ¡c Dissolved oxygen to be maintained in waste water ( CÃŽÂ » ) : 2.0 mg / l Oxygen to BOD5 ratio : 1.5 (assume) Oxygen required per hour : (216 ÃÆ'- 1.5) / 12 = 27 kg / hour Oxygenation capacity required per hour = 02 required per hour / correction factor Correction factor = ÃŽÂ ± [(ÃŽÂ ²) (Cà ƒ) CÃŽÂ »] 1.024 (à „-20)/ Cà ƒH20 Cà ƒ H20: oxygen solubility factor ÃŽÂ ± = 0.9 ÃŽÂ ² = 0.95 Cà ƒ at 26ËÅ ¡c at 200 ft elevation = 8.1 1.024 (à „-20) at 26ËÅ ¡c = 1.153 CÃŽÂ » = 2 ppm Therefore, oxygenation capacity required per hour = 27 / 0.7289 = 37.04 kg / hour Density of air at 26ËÅ ¡c = 1.18 kg / m  ³ Volume of air required taking oxygen content in air is 20% by unit weight = (37.04ÃÆ'-5m ³/hr)/1.18 = 157 m ³ / hour Efficiency of aeration by using Nopol diffuser at 4m water dept = 18 % at 4m ³ / hr per unit Flow rate of air blower required = 157 m ³ / hr / 18 % = 872 m ³ / hr Use air blower = 900 m ³ / hr No. of diffuser required = 900 / 4 = 225 pcs Therefore, No. of diffuser installed per reactor = 225 (for 1080 m ³/day) operating at 12 hours Determination of number of diffusers per tank for holding tank The required aeration for waste water in holding tank is to ensure saturation concentration of oxygen dissolved in water. Based on temperature of 26ËÅ ¡c, the saturation concentration of oxygen in water is = 8.11 mg/l With influent flow rate = 45 m ³ / hour Total oxygen required = 364.9 g / hour Allow 20% extra air to ensure saturation, the actual aeration rate = 438 g / hour No. of diffusers at 1 m ³ / hour per unit at 18 % = 11 nos. No. of diffusers installed at holding tank for primary aeration and mixing to saturation point = 30 nos. (At 0.4 pc/m ² distribution density) Total diffuser used for 2 trains system = 510 nos. Selection of two ( 2 ) units of surface aerator Model = EEE FA- 1010 Specifications are enclosed. The application of these surface aerations installed at facultative pond is for: Proper mixing of the effluent before pumping to the effluent treatment plant To supply some aeration to the facultative pond so as to minimize the inlet BOD to the effluent plant and at the same time to improve the bacteria activity. Selection of one ( 1 ) unit activated carbon filter at treated effluent discharge point Dimension = 2420 mm Ø ÃÆ'- 1828 mm SL Surface area = 4.59 m ² Flow rate = 60 m ³ / hour Flow velocity = 13.0 m / hour Volume of activated carbon = 4.1 m ³ The activated carbon filter acts as a polishing filter for the final treated effluent. 5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION A more responsible biological treatment process through a proven automated operation program responding on time every situation and alarm in a reactive way so that the plant performance can be maintained regardless of the operator attendance and equipment failure. Lower investment and recurrent cost, as secondary settling tanks and sludge return systems are not required. Lower space requirements. Better settling, as settling conditions in an SBR are Ideal while the sludge population changes towards better settle able micro-organisms. Improved effluent quality. Improved operational reliability. Hardly any or no smell problems. Better temperature control. Lower effluent COD and BOD. The batch nature process and high organic concentrations (feast) during Fill encourages the growth of organisms with high organic uptake rates. The famine period at the end of React encourages the utilization of recalcitrant organics. The combined effect of the feast and famine periods is the optimal removal of BOD and COD. Better settling sludge. The feast-famine conditions that naturally occur in each cycle promote the growth of floc-forming organisms and disfavor filamentous organisms, thereby eliminating the need for polymers. In a number of situations the application of an SBR system will thus result in lower investment as well as operational costs. Critical in this respect are the load and concentration of the wastewater, the design and the local situation. 6.0 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER WORK At this study, Sequencing Batch Reactor process, raw effluent from facultative pond (last pond) is pump into clarifier in system. Thereby, the pond still need for this system due to oil recovery in first 2 ponds. In future study, the pond system which consumed a large area needs to remove. The wastewater from the mills, directly pump to SBR system tanks for further treatment. The new method for oil recovery in SBR system will be taken in action. The discharge water which in brownish color need to be analyze due to remove the color.
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
Use of Project Management Software in Business Essay -- Business Manag
Use of Project Management Software in Business Project Management is using the concepts of information technology in businesses to meet the requirements of a particular project. It depends on the process it needs to take to implement a project. The application of knowledge, skills, and tools and techniques is needed (http://www.asp.org/infoglossary/p). There are 3 main phases of project management, they are planning, scheduling and controlling. How the process is implemented is through different types of software applications used to efficiently and effectively run a business to save time, money and resources. A goal (project) is set, the project should be defined, and schedule out each task needed for completion, and identify teams and resources. By controlling, managers need to revise or change plans by monitoring resources, cost, and quality. Lastly, scheduling involves sequencing and allotting time to all project activities. This is where time and resources come in to see how much time is needed to complete, the people to work, and materials needed for the project. There are different project scheduling approaches depending on the project. Project Management in business is very important now that technology is all around us. It has made a difference in customer relationship management by meeting the needs of the customer. It gives the customer a broad range of information to choose from and with the types of information that are readily available. As well as with the customer service and support that is there for customers. It is also important to the businesses when it comes to supply chain management. They are better equipped to develop a fast, efficient, and low cost network of business with their partners to get products from concept to market. I have observed in our readings that the ERP software have failures, but I have seen in my previous employments, that businesses do implement certain software before they do a test run. Some companies who have the software are usually good about doing orientation and training to employees before they begin using the applications. It takes time away from the organizations to do training and also correcting mistakes that happen along the way, but in the end it pays off. I recommend that businesses could implement an overview of the new software before it is implemented. Th... ...ter over the internet, as we call it e-commerce. The difference between the past and future is enormous in the world of project management. It is so important to businesses, consumers, and all stakeholders. Although, not all software work for certain businesses, but with more training and knowledge in project management will improve the process of implementing technology in businesses. Summary: In researching project management, it is an innovation that has a continuing change. People change through knowledge and every innovation does not stay the same. Implementations of projects are also different and the software process has to meet the demands of businesses. For a company to stay abrupt of the changing cycle of technology is an advantage to stay ahead of their competitors. The complexity of documentations has opened the interenterprise of technology in customer relationship management, supply chain management, and enterprise resource planning. Bibliography http://www.asp.org/infoglossary/p http://www.aceproject.com/features.htm http://www.cob.sjsu.edu http://www.cidainc.com Last, first. Operations Management p.58, 60. Date. Page #
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